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1 Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
[br]b. 13 December 1816 Lenthe, near Hanover, Germanyd. 6 December 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German pioneer of the dynamo, builder of the first electric railway.[br]Werner von Siemens was the eldest of a large family and after the early death of his parents took his place at its head. He served in the Prussian artillery, being commissioned in 1839, after which he devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. In 1847 Siemens and J.G. Halske formed a company, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens und Halske, to manufacture a dial telegraph which they had developed from an earlier instrument produced by Charles Wheatstone. In 1848 Siemens obtained his discharge from the army and he and Halske constructed the first long-distance telegraph line on the European continent, between Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.Werner von Siemens's younger brother, William Siemens, had settled in Britain in 1844 and was appointed agent for the Siemens \& Halske company in 1851. Later, an English subsidiary company was formed, known from 1865 as Siemens Brothers. It specialized in manufacturing and laying submarine telegraph cables: the specialist cable-laying ship Faraday, launched for the purpose in 1874, was the prototype of later cable ships and in 1874–5 laid the first cable to run direct from the British Isles to the USA. In charge of Siemens Brothers was another brother, Carl, who had earlier established a telegraph network in Russia.In 1866 Werner von Siemens demonstrated the principle of the dynamo in Germany, but it took until 1878 to develop dynamos and electric motors to the point at which they could be produced commercially. The following year, 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric railway, and operated it at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. It comprised an oval line, 300 m (985 it) long, with a track gauge of 1 m (3 ft 3 1/2 in.); upon this a small locomotive hauled three small passenger coaches. The locomotive drew current at 150 volts from a third rail between the running rails, through which it was returned. In four months, more than 80,000 passengers were carried. The railway was subsequently demonstrated in Brussels, and in London, in 1881. That same year Siemens built a permanent electric tramway, 1 1/2 miles (2 1/2 km) long, on the outskirts of Berlin. In 1882 in Berlin he tried out a railless electric vehicle which drew electricity from a two-wire overhead line: this was the ancestor of the trolleybus.In the British Isles, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1880 for the Giant's Causeway Railway in Ireland with powers to work it by "animal, mechanical or electrical power"; although Siemens Brothers were electrical engineers to the company, of which William Siemens was a director, delays in construction were to mean that the first railway in the British Isles to operate regular services by electricity was that of Magnus Volk.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, Berlin University 1860. Ennobled by Kaiser Friedrich III 1880, after which he became known as von Siemens.Further ReadingS.von Weiher, 1972, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (describes the Siemens's careers). C.E.Lee, 1979, The birth of electric traction', Railway Magazine (May) (describes Werner Siemens's introduction of the electric railway).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1979) 50: 82–3 (describes Siemens's and Halske's early electric telegraph instruments).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1961) 33: 93 (describes the railless electric vehicle).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
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2 Siemens
m.1 Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens.2 Siemens, Sir Charles William Siemens.3 siemens.4 Siemens, Siemens AG. -
3 Electricity
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4 Volk, Magnus
[br]b. 19 October 1851 Brighton, Englandd. 20 May 1937 Brighton, England[br]English pioneer in the use of electric power; built the first electric railway in the British Isles to operate a regular service.[br]Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.[br]Further ReadingC.Volk, 1971, Magnus Volk of Brighton, Chichester: Phillimore (his life and career as described by his son).C.E.Lee, 1979, "The birth of electric traction", Railway Magazine (May).PJGR -
5 Daft, Leo
[br]b. 13 November 1843 Birmingham, Englandd. 28 March 1922[br]English electrical engineer, pioneer of electric-power generation and electric railways in the USA.[br]Leo Daft, son of a British civil engineer, studied electricity and emigrated to the USA in 1866. After various occupations including running a photographic studio, he joined in 1879 the New York Electric Light Company, which was soon merged into the Daft Electric Company. This company developed electrically powered machinery and built electric-power plants. In 1883 Daft built an electric locomotive called Ampere for the Saratoga \& Mount McGregor Railroad. This is said to have been the first electric main-line locomotive for standard gauge. It collected current from a central rail, had an output of 12 hp (9 kW) and hauled 10 tons at speeds up to 9 mph (14.5 km/h). Two years later Daft made a much improved locomotive for the New York Elevated Railway, the Benjamin Franklin, which drew current at 250 volts from a central rail and had two 48 in. (122 cm)-diameter driving wheels and two 33 in. (84 cm)-diameter trailing wheels. Re-equipped in 1888 with four driving wheels and a 125 hp (93 kW) motor, this could haul an eight-car train at 10 mph (16 km/h). Meanwhile, in 1884, Daft's company had manufactured all the electrical apparatus for the Massachusetts Electric Power Company, the first instance of a complete central station to generate and distribute electricity for power on a commercial scale. In 1885 it electrified a branch of the Baltimore Union Passenger Railway, the first electrically operated railway in the USA. Subsequently Daft invented a process for vulcanizing rubber onto metal that came into general use. He never became an American citizen.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography.F.J.G.Haut, 1969, The History of the Electric Locomotive, London: George Allen \& Unwin.See also: Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner vonPJGR -
6 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
7 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
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8 Niedersachsen
Нижняя Саксония, федеральная земля на северо-западе Германии. Вторая по величине (после Баварии). Простирается от Северного моря (с Восточно-фризскими островами) на севере до Гарца на юге. На западе граничит с Голландией. Столица г. Ганновер. Другие значительные города: Брауншвайг, Оснабрюк, Ольденбург, Гёттинген, Гослар, Хильдесхайм, Хамельн, Люнебург, Мюнден, Вольфсбург, Зальцгиттер, Куксхафен, Эмден, Вильгельмсхафен. Земля богата полезными ископаемыми: залежи железной руды (у г. Зальцгиттер), природный газ (покрывает 5% потребностей Федеративной Республики). Структура экономики различна на севере и на юге земли: в северной части преобладают земледелие и животноводство, морское рыболовство, судостроение (в городах Куксхафен, Папенбург, Эмден). Порт Вильгельмсхафен – важнейший в Германии пункт перекачки нефти-сырца. Отрасли промышленности: машиностроение, автомобилестроение, электротехника, текстильная, химическая промышленность, сосредоточены, главным образом, на юге земли (в городах Ганновер, Зальцгиттер, Хильдесхайм, Брауншвайг, Вольфсбург). Туризм развит на североморских курортах, Восточно-фризских островах, горах Гарца, в Люнебургской пустоши. Самая обширная в Германии железнодорожная сеть (более 5 тыс. км) и сеть велосипедных дорожек (более 30 тыс. км). Университеты в городах Гёттинген, Ганновер, Ольденбург, Оснабрюк. Технические университеты в Брауншвайге (с 1745 г. – старейшая высшая техническая школа в Германии) и Клаустале. Федеральное физико-техническое ведомство (Physikalisch-technische Bundesanstalt) в Брауншвайге является федеральным органом по испытаниям, калибровке и допускам, с помощью радиосигнала устанавливает точное среднеевропейское время (MEZ, Mitteleuropäische Zeit). Нижнесаксонское энергетическое агентство (Niedersächsische Energieagentur) разрабатывает проекты по использованию альтернативных источников энергии (ветра, солнца, "гнилого" газа и пр.). С Нижней Саксонией связаны имена многих известных немецких учёных, среди них: Готфрид Вильгельм Лейбниц, Карл Фридрих Гаус, Роберт Вильгельм Бунзен, Вернер фон Сименс, братья Гримм, Макс Борн, Отто Хан, Вернер Хайзенберг, Макс фон Лауэ и др. В г. Вольфенбюттель находится крупнейшая средневековая библиотека мира, в Брауншвайге – один из старейших художественных музеев Европы – музей герцога Антона Ульриха, в Хильдесхайме – романская церковь Св. Михаила времени господства Оттонов, в Ганновере – церковь в стиле северонемецкой кирпичной готики. Считается, что в Нижней Саксонии представлены все известные архитектурные стили. Боденведер называют "городом Мюнхгаузена" (Münchhausenstadt) по имени знаменитого уроженца города барона Карла Фридриха Иеронима фон Мюнхгаузена. Блюда нижнесаксонской кухни – от рыбных и мясных до овощных. Славятся креветки, угорь из Штайнхудского озера (Steinhuder Aal), жаркое из степного барашка с можжевеловыми плодами в сметане (Heidschnuckenrücken in Wacholdersahne), брауншвайгская спаржа (Braunschweiger Spargel), лучший сорт которой называется "Слава Брауншвайга" ("Ruhm von Braunschweig"), гарцский сыр и др. Нижняя Саксония образована как федеральная земля в 1946 г. путём слияния бывшей прусской провинции Ганновер с соседними регионами Брауншвайг, Ольденбург и Шаумбург-Липпе <название Niedersachsen в форме Neddersassen появилось впервые в хронике в XIV в. для обозначения древней страны саксов (altes Sachsenland) в отличие от майсенской Саксонии (meißnisches Sachsen)> → Land, Nordsee, Hannover, Ostfriesische Inseln, Harz, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Göttingen, Goslar, Hildesheim, Hameln, Wolfenbüttel, Lüneburg, Hannoversch Münden, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Cuxhaven, Emden, Celle, Wilhelmshaven, Einbeck, Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer, Naturschutzpark Lüneburger Heide, Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm, Gauß Karl Friedrich, Bunsen Robert Wilhelm, Siemens Ernst Werner, Grimm Jacob und Wilhelm, Born Max, Hahn Otto, Heisenberg Werner, Laue Max von, Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum, Ottonen, Steinhuder Meer, Münchhausen Karl Friedrich Hieronimus, Harzer Käse, Meißen -
9 Telecommunications
См. также в других словарях:
Ernst Werner von Siemens — Werner von Siemens, Portrait von Giacomo Brogi Ernst Werner Siemens, ab 1888 von Siemens, (* 13. Dezember 1816 in Lenthe bei Hannover; † 6. Dezember 1892 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Erfinder, Begründer der Elektrotechnik und Industrieller… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Ernst Werner von Siemens — Werner von Siemens Pour les articles homonymes, voir Siemens. Werner von Siemens Ernst Werner von Siemens (13 décembre … Wikipédia en Français
Ernst Werner von Siemens — Infobox Scientist name = Werner von Siemens image width = 240px caption = birth date = birth date|1816|12|13 birth place = Lenthe, Germany death date= death date and age|1892|12|6|1816|12|13 death place = residence = citizenship = ethnicity =… … Wikipedia
Siemens,Ernst Werner von — Sie·mens (sēʹmənz, zēʹ ), Ernst Werner von. 1816 1892. German engineer who made notable improvements to telegraphic and electrical apparatus. His brother Karl Wilhelm, later Sir Charles William Siemens (1823 1883), invented a regenerative steam… … Universalium
Siemens , Ernst Werner von — (1816–1892) German engineer The son of a farmer from Lenthe in Germany, Siemens was the eldest of fourteen highly talented children, who included William Siemens. In 1834 he joined the Prussian army and spent three years in Berlin receiving a… … Scientists
Ernst Werner von Siemens — noun German electrical engineer (1816 1892) • Syn: ↑Siemens • Instance Hypernyms: ↑electrical engineer … Useful english dictionary
Ernst Werner Siemens — Werner von Siemens, Portrait von Giacomo Brogi Ernst Werner Siemens, ab 1888 von Siemens, (* 13. Dezember 1816 in Lenthe bei Hannover; † 6. Dezember 1892 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Erfinder, Begründer der Elektrotechnik und Industrieller… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Werner von Siemens — (Portrait von Giacomo Brogi) Ernst Werner Siemens, ab 1888 von Siemens, (* 13. Dezember 1816 in Lenthe; † 6. Dezember 1892 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Erfinder, Begründer der Elektrotechnik und Industrieller. Gründet am 12. Oktober … Deutsch Wikipedia
Werner von siemens — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Siemens. Werner von Siemens Ernst Werner von Siemens (13 décembre … Wikipédia en Français
Werner von Siemens — Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816 1892), nació en Lenthe, cerca de Hannover, Alemania. Como su familia perdió los recursos para darle una educación superior, se fue a una academia de artillería. En 1847 construyó un nuevo tipo de telégrafo, poniendo … Enciclopedia Universal
Werner von Siemens — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Siemens. Werner von Siemens Ernst Werner von Siemens (13 décembre 1816 à Lenthe, près de Hanovre … Wikipédia en Français